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A Review of
Oct 26, 2007, Wausau, Wi — In the last
installment of my review of Richard Dawkins’, “The God Delusion” I looked at Dawkins’ attempted
refutation of Aquinas arguments for the existence of God how some of the recent
discoveries in science have put atheists like Dawkins in paradox when it comes
to the definition of natural and supernatural. But there are even more problems with Dawkins’
attempted refutation of Aquinas arguments.
To
summarize (and simplify), Aquinas had argued that an infinite sequence of linked
events such as cause and effects was impossible and since the natural world is
based on such linked events, there must have been something such as a first cause, to have starting the whole
process going in the first place.
In many
respects the theory of the Big Bang confirms Aquinas as it shows that there was
in fact a beginning to the universe, that the chain of sequences we see all
around us did have a beginning. This is perhaps
why Dawkins does not try, as some have to avoid this argument by claiming that
infinite regression is in fact possible.
Instead, as
we cited last time, Dawkins uses the example of cutting gold in half, again and
again. Eventually you reach a single
atom. If you cut the atom into pieces you no longer have gold. Thus the atom is a natural terminator to the
sequence, and since this sequence has a natural terminator, Aquinas’ regression
might also have a natural terminator.
Again, there
are many problems with Dawkins’ argument.
Perhaps the most surprising is that this argument actually parallels
Aquinas’, as key for Aquinas is that infinite regression is impossible, and to
refute it Dawkins cites a regression that does not go on forever.
While Dawkins
does this to claim that Aquinas’ first cause might be natural, there is a major
problem. Aquinas’ arguments are based
on things that are inherently linked, such as cause and effect where one is
depended in some fashion on the other. A
chicken comes from an egg. No egg, No chicken. The egg came from an earlier
chicken, no earlier chicken no egg. And
so on and so on.
Yet the
sequence that Dawkins cites has no such link.
If you have a piece of gold there is no way to tell if it was cut from a
large piece or made by combining smaller pieces. In short, there is no inherent link between a
piece of gold and cutting, in the way that there is between chicken and an egg.
Thus the
sequence that Dawkins cites to try and refute Aquinas is a completely different
type of sequence than Aquinas was referring to.
Another way to look at this is to
see that that a block of gold is made up of smaller pieces of down to a single
atom of gold. While it may be divided in
a series of cuts, down to a single atom, even as a block of gold, it still
exists as group of atoms. Any sequence of dividing the block happens only as we
may choose to cut it.
The
sequences that Aquinas was referring to were truly sequential, with each step
depending on the ones before it. A
chicken cannot be fully grown and still in its egg at the same time. It is in its egg before it can hatch, it must
hatch before it can grow to maturity, it must grow to maturity before it can
lay other eggs. If this was the same
type of sequence as Dawkins, then the all could and would exist simultaneously.
So Dawkins supposed refutation seem to have completely missed its mark, and
actually provides some support for Aquinas.
Much the
same can be said for many of the other arguments in this chapter. While Dawkins
does ok on some of the weaker less convincing arguments for God’s existence, on
the stronger arguments, it is hard to take Dawkins’ refutation seriously, for
his simplistic approach to the subject means that he does not take these
arguments seriously and therefore, as with these arguments from Aquinas, fails
to really address them.
However,
this may not be totally his fault. After
the philosophers of the 17th and 18th century, these
arguments were considered to have little more than historical importance and
were not taken seriously, and this is probably what Dawkins was taught in
school. As a scientist, he may not be up
to date with current philosophical discussions. But over the latter part of the
20th century, philosophers began to realize that the finding of
science had undermined the earlier rejection of these arguments. As such they are once again being seriously
considered.
So we are
still left with the regression of sequences like cause and effect. These cannot
go on forever, but must have a beginning, a first cause. This first cause
cannot itself be caused, for if it were, it would not be the first. It cannot
be part of the natural universe, because if it were it could not then have
caused the natural universe. Since time
is part of the natural universe, and was created when the universe was created,
this first cause must be eternal. And it must be powerful enough to have caused
the universe.
Thus
Aquinas’ argument still leaves us with an eternal supernatural first cause,
powerful enough to have created the entire universe. While not a complete
description of God, it is a good start.
See www.consider.org for additional information.
The book and press materials are available upon request.
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Elgin Hushbeck, Jr. speak at your chruch or event
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